Financial risk exposure of returns to education: Panel evidence from Korea*

The present study examined financial market risk exposure of human capital returns, which are represented by the returns to education, using panel data for Korea. Overall, financial market shocks seem to be irrelevant to returns to education. However, when we divide a financial market shock into cash flow news and discount rate news leading to a negative risk premium, returns to education increase after positive news about future cash flows and unexpected increases in discount rates Therefore, the risk exposure to cash flow shocks is offset by the exposure to discount rate shocks. The returns to education of low‐income workers were significantly exposed to the cash flow risk as compared to those with a high income, but they were offset by the positive correlation to discount rate shocks. In contrast, considering the gap between generations, the old generation was not only less exposed to the cash flow risk compared to the young generation regarding returns to education but also positively correlated with the discount rate shock, resulting in less exposure to financial market risks.     

Too big to fail: Measures,remedies, and consequences for efficiency and stability*

This paper evaluates whether reform efforts addressing “too big to fail” actually enhance the stability of the financial system, and whether trade‐offs exist between stability and efficiency. We also present and discuss various measures of bank size and complexity since such measures are essential for implementing appropriate corrective remedies. As we will show, there are no unambiguous measures of size or complexity that can fully capture a bank's contribution to systemic risk. Their effects on efficiency are also impossible to capture with certainty. While we recognize the need for additional research and empirical evidence, we do identify weaknesses and strengths of proposed and implemented reforms that could have consequences for bank stability and efficiency.     

On dividends in the phase–type dual risk model

The dual risk model assumes that the surplus of a company decreases at a constant rate over time, and grows by means of upward jumps which occur at random times with random sizes. In the present work, we study the dual risk renewal model when the waiting times are phase-type distributed. Using the roots of the fundamental and the generalized Lundberg’s equations, we get expressions for the ruin probability and the Laplace transform of the time of ruin for an arbitrary single gain distribution. Then, we address the calculation of expected discounted future dividends particularly when the individual common gains follow a phase-type distribution. We further show that the optimal dividend barrier does not depend on the initial reserve. As far as the roots of the Lundberg equations and the time of ruin are concerned, we address the existing formulae in the corresponding Sparre-Andersen insurance risk model for the first hitting time, and we generalize them to cover also the situations where we have multiple roots. We do that working a new approach and technique, approach we also use for working the dividends, unlike others, it can be also applied for every situation.     

异质性机构投资者差异化作用于双元创新投资吗 ——基于注意力基础观与市场迎合理论双重视角

基于2011-2020年沪深A股高新技术企业样本,探究公司治理框架下异质性机构投资者对企业双元创新投资的差异化作用机理,得出如下结论：①异质性机构投资者对于双元创新投资具有差异化影响,其中,专注型机构投资者更有利于双元创新投资;②专注型机构投资者影响决策者注意力资源配置,使其更注重探索性创新投资,临时型机构投资者基于市场迎合动机作用于开发性创新投资,且当管理层业绩和外部监管压力较大时,其对开发性创新投资的迎合动机更明显;③专注型机构投资者通过监督和激励管理层、提升企业风险承担水平作用于企业双元创新投资,临时型机构投资者通过丰富投资者情绪作用于开发性创新投资未得到验证;④产业政策有助于增强专注型机构投资者对决策者注意力的影响,使其更专注于探索性创新投资,同时也有助于提高临时型机构投资者的开发性创新迎合投资动机。研究结论为理解机构投资者差异化治理角色提供了一种新视角。     

上山下乡经历与家庭风险金融资产投资——基于断点回归的证据

本文使用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2010年家庭和个人层面数据,考察了户主的上山下乡经历对于家庭风险金融资产投资决策的影响。结果表明,上山下乡经历显著提高了家庭对于股票及广义风险金融资产的投资概率和投资规模。机制分析表明,此经历主要通过提升家庭投资的风险偏好和投资能力来影响家庭的风险金融资产投资。分样本讨论结果表明,上山下乡经历对家庭风险金融投资产生的正向影响在高人力资本、高收入和高社会资本群体中更为显著。     

论著作权法对“创作者特权”的确认与限制——以“鬼吹灯”案中的作者续写权利主张为切入点

“创作自由”与“创作者的自由”是一对容易混淆的概念,《著作权法》对于这两类自由采取了不同的确认方式,不宜仅基于“创作自由”的话语扩张“创作者特权”,乃至将其主张为著作权法上的专有权利。“鬼吹灯”同人作品案中被控侵权人主张的“系列故事续写权”实为一种积极权利,不同于一审判决和既有研究中确认的消极权利,因而违背了《著作权法》第1条和第10条中对于“创作者特权”及其专有权利化主张的限制。该类主张的背景是两大法系中作品观融合导致了对于作者权益的挤压,作者权理念在法律实践中出现了反弹。从现代社会中创新的复合属性、版权利益分配格局的自发形成、我国社会中通行的权利观念等角度出发,应当坚守《著作权法》对于创作者自由的既有确认与限制机制。民法典对于一般人格权的保护则能够提供外部的制度协同。     

The educational and labor market returns to preschool attendance in Austria

Preschool attendance is widely recognized as a key ingredient for later socioeconomic success, mothers’ labor market participation, and leveling the playing field for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. However, the empirical evidence for these claims is still relatively scarce, particularly in Europe. Using data from the 2011 Austrian European Union Statistics of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), we contribute to this literature by studying the effects of having attended preschool for the adult Austrian population. We find strong and positive effects of preschool attendance on later educational attainment, the probability of working full time, hourly wages, and the probability that the mother is in the labor market. Full time workers at the bottom and the top of the distribution benefit less than those in the middle. Women in particular benefit more in terms of years of schooling and the probability of working full time. Other disadvantaged groups (second generation migrants; people with less educated parents) also often benefit more in terms of education and work.     

国有股的定位及在证券市场流通的必然性

国有股问题已严重制约中国证券市场的发展 ,国务院停止国有股在证券市场减持流通的决定无法解决国有股根本问题 ,反而延缓了国有股问题的最终解决。国有股要么退出股份 ,要么在证券市场彻底流通 ,恢复其本来面目。这里就此问题进行讨论并提出解决国有股流通的一些措施和建议。     

新经济时代企业如何进行非资本扩张

非资本扩张是指企业通过除有形资本(如货币资本、实物资本)以外的要素投入来发展企业的行为。非资本要素包括技术、品牌、市场资源、管理能力和企业文化等无形资产。非资本扩张是与新的企业概念相适应的,是企业发展的高级阶段。与资本扩张相比,非资本扩张具有许多优越性。非资本扩张的主要途径有品牌扩张、特许经营和非资本型企业重组等。     

阶梯电价政策的居民节能意愿与节能效果评估--基于广东案例的研究

以广东省为例,基于粤东、粤西、粤北及珠三角典型地市的社会调查,统计分析阶梯电价政策对居民节能意愿及家庭用电的影响;同时运用广东省月度电力数据,构建ARIMA模型,定量研究政策实施的节能效果。研究表明,阶梯电价政策的实施对改善居民节能意愿有积极影响,并在短期内有明显的节能效果,但随着时间推移,节能效果有所减弱。为设计与完善相关政策,未来需要从节能意愿、经济激励等角度切入,提升政策的针对性、有效性。